Curriculum Vitae
Steven Pinker
Department of Psychology
William James Hall 970
Office: 617-495-0831
Fax: 617-495-3278
Internet address: pinker at wjh period
Harvard period edu
Web site: http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu
Biographical
Information
Born September 18, 1954,
Education
Doctor of
Philosophy (Experimental Psychology),
Bachelor
of Arts (First Class Honors in Psychology),
Diploma of
College Studies,
Academic Positions
2003- Johnstone
Family Professor of Psychology,
2000-2003 Peter
de Florez Professor, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
1994-99 Director,
1989-2000 Professor,
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1985-94 Co-Director,
Center for Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
1985-89 Associate
Professor, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
1982-85 Assistant
Professor, Department of Psychology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1981-82 Assistant
Professor, Department of Psychology,
1980-81 Assistant
Professor, Department of Psychology,
1979-80 Postdoctoral
Fellow, Center for Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Honors and Awards
General:
Honorary
President, Canadian Psychological Association, 2008.
Doctor of Humane Letters,
Humanist of the Year, American Humanist Association, 2006.
Communication and Leadership Award, Toastmasters International (District
31), 2006.
Prospect and Foreign Policy, “The World’s
Top 100 Public Intellectuals,” 2005.
02138 Magazine: “The Harvard 100: The Most
Influential Alumni,” 2006.
Doctor of
Science honoris causa,
Time 100:
“The 100 Most Influential People in the World Today,” 2004.
Doctor of
the University honoris causa,
Doctor Philosophiae
honoris causa,
Humanist
Laureate,
Doctor of
Science honoris causa,
Golden
Plate Award,
Newsweek One Hundred Americans for the Next
Century, 1995.
Esquire
Register of Outstanding Men and Women Under Forty,
1986.
Research:
Henry Dale Prize, The
Royal Institution of
Troland Research Award, National
Boyd R. McCandless Young Scientist
Award, Division of Developmental Psychology, American Psychological
Association, 1986.
Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology, American
Psychological Association, 1984.
Books: The Language Instinct
Public Interest Award, Linguistics Society of
William James Book Prize, American
Psychological Association, 1995.
New York Times Book Review Editor's
Choice: Ten Best Books of 1994.
Finalist,
Rhone-Poulenc Science Book Prize, 1994.
One
Hundred Best Science Books of the Century, American Scientist.
Honorable Mention, Best Books of the
1990s, Lingua Franca
Books: How the Mind Works
William
James Book Prize, American Psychological Association, 1999.
Finalist,
Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, 1998.
Ten Best
Books of the Decade / One Hundred Best Books of the Century, Amazon.com, 1999.
Good Book Guide Award: Best Science Book of 1998.
Finalist,
Rhone-Poulenc Science Book Prize, 1999.
Finalist,
National Book Critics' Circle Award, 1998.
Finalist, Winship
Book Prize, PEN
Literary
Lights,
Books to Remember (25 best of 1997), New
York Public Library, 1998.
Best Books of 2002, Publishers Weekly
Honored
Author,
Great
Brain Books, Dana
Books: The Blank Slate
50 Psychology Classics, T. Butler-Bowdon, Brealey Publishing, 2007
Kistler Book Award, Foundation for the Future,
2005
William James Book Prize, American
Psychological Association, 2003
Eleanor Maccoby
Book Award, American Psychological Association, 2003
Literary Lights,
Finalist,
Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, 2003.
Finalist,
Aventis Science Book Prize, 2003.
Book of the Year 2003,
Best Books of 2002: amazon.com, Borders
Bookstores, The Evening Standard, The Globe and Mail, The Independent, The Los Angeles Times, New Statesman, New York
Times (“Notable Books”), Publishers Weekly, The Spectator, St. Louis
Post-Dispatch, The Telegraph, Times Literary Supplement
Teaching:
Margaret MacVicar
Faculty Fellow, MIT, 2000-2003.
Graduate Student Council Teaching Award,
MIT, 1986.
Essays:
Sidney Hook Award, best
essays of 2005 (from David Brook’s New
York Times column),
“The Science of Gender and Science” with Elizabeth Spelke.
Elected Fellowships in Scholarly Societies:
Fellow,
Linguistics Society of
Herbert Simon Fellow, The
Fellow,
Fellow,
Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, 2000-.
Fellow, Neurosciences Research Program,
1995-2002.
Fellow,
American Psychological Association, 1992- .
Fellow, Division of Experimental
Psychology, American Psychological Association, 1991- .
Fellow,
American Psychological Society, 1990- .
Fellow,
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1987- .
Distinguished Fellow, New England
Institute for Cognitive Science and Evolutionary Psychology, 2001-2004.
Fellow-elect, Center for Advanced Study in
the Behavioral Sciences,
Grants
National Institutes of Health,
“Development and Neural Bases of Words and Rules,” 2000-2007.
MIT Classes of ’51, ’55, and ’72 Funds for Excellence in Teaching
and Educational Innovation, “Computer-Based Multimedia Demonstrations in
Psychology,” 2000-2001.
National Institutes of Health, “Language Learnability and Language
Development”, 1983-2000 (competitively renewed 1986, 1989, 1994).
National Institute of Mental Health Training Grant, “Development
of Cognition,” 1997-2002 (PI 2001-2002).
National Institute of Mental Health Training Grant, “Visual Cognition,”
1998-2003 (PI 1998-2001).
American
Council of
Learned Societies/Deutscher Akademischer
Austauschdienst, German American Collaborative
Research Grant, “Symbolic Representation and Network Models: The
Psycholinguistic Basis of Inflectional Morphology,1992-1993.
National Science Foundation Research Training Grant, “Language
Acquisition and Computation” (1 of 15 Co-Investigators), 1991-1996.
McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience grant,
“From Perception to Action,” 1990-1998 (competitively renewed 1994).
National Science Foundation, “Inflection as a Model System for the
Psychology of Language,” 1991-1994.
National Institutes of Health,
“Development of Cognition”, program training grant (1 of 6 Co-Investigators),
1987-1992.
National Science Foundation, “The Mental
Representation of 3-D Space and Objects, 1986-89.
National Science Foundation, “Language
Learnability and Language Development”, 1982-85.
National Science Foundation, “The Mental
Representation of 3-D Space”, 1981-83.
Other Positions
Visiting Professor,
Honorary Visiting Professor, Department of Psychology,
Visiting Scholar, Departments of
Psychology and Linguistics,
Faculty, McDonnell Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience,
1990, 1993, 1994
Visiting Scholar, Cognitive Development
Unit, Medical Research Council,
Visiting Scholar, Department of
Psychology, Harvard University, 1987-88.
Visiting Scholar, Department of
Psychology, Brandeis University, 1987-88.
Consultant, Cognitive and Instructional
Sciences Group, Xerox Corporation Palo Alto Research Centers, 1981-82.
Recent Professional
Activities
Executive Council, Human Behavior and
Evolution Society, 2006- .
Advisory Board, World Science Festival,
Editorial Board, PLoS ONE Behavioral
Genomics, 2006- .
Advisory Board, Naturalism Research Project, Center for Inquiry.
Advisory Board, BrainTrust Project.
Linguistics, Language, and the Public Interest Award Committee,
Linguistics Society of
Member-at-Large, Section on Linguistics and Language Science,
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2005-2009.
National Advisory Board, Office of Public Policy, Center for
Inquiry,
Contributing Editor, Seed magazine,
2004-present.
Chair, Eleanor Maccoby
Book Prize Committee, Division of Developmental Psychology, American
Psychological Association, 2004.
Advisory Board, Secular Coalition for
National Advisory Committee, The Decade
of Behavior, 2003-2005.
Panel on Integrative Cognitive Science,
National Science Foundation, 2003.
Advisory Board, Center for Research on Language, Mind, and Brain,
McGill University, 2003-present.
Testimony, President’s Council on
Bioethics, 2003.
Grant review panel, Program in Biological Anthropology, National
Science Foundation, 2002.
Executive Board, Society for Language Development, 2003- .
Jury, Anisfield-Wolf
Book Award for Excellence in the Literature of Diversity, 2002-present.
Institute Advisor, Allen Institute for
Brain Science, 2001-present.
Science Advisory Board, English for the Children, 2001-2004.
Advisory Council, Student Achievement and
Advocacy Services, 2002-present.
Editorial Board, Daedalus,
2002-present.
Editorial Advisory Board, Words, 2002-present.
Advisory Editorial Board, Trends in Cognitive Science, 2000-present.
Senior Independent Advisory Panel, Biopsychology of Humane
Leadership Project, Center for Positive Psychology, University of
Scientific
Advisor, Nova/WGBH, 7-part television series on Evolution, 1998-2001.
Panel on the Bioethics of Brain Imaging,
Center for Bioethics, University of Pennsylvania, 2000-2002.
Usage Panel, American Heritage Dictionary, 1995-present.
Founders’ Circle, Endangered Language
Fund, 1998-present.
Cybereditions, Advisory Board, 1998-present.
Selection Committee, Centennial Fellowship in Human Cognition,
McDonnell Foundation, 1998.
Grant review panel, Learning and Information Systems, National
Science Foundation, 1997.
Academic Editorial Board, MIT Press,
1996-2001.
Section
Editor for Language, M. S. Gazzaniga’s The Cognitive Neurosciences, MIT Press,
1995.
Founding
Board Member, Cognitive Neuroscience Society, 1994-present.
Executive Associate Editor, Cognition, 1985-2006.
Advisory Editorial Board, English
Linguistics, 2003- .
Advisory Editorial Board, Intercultural
Pragmatics, 2003- .
Editorial Board, Canadian Psychology,
2003-.
Editorial
Board, Evolutionary Psychology, 2001-present.
Editorial
Board, Journal of Cognition and Culture, 2000-present.
Editorial Board, Theoria et Historia Scientiarum:
An International Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, 2000-present.
Editorial
Board, Evolution and Human Behavior,
1998-present.
Editorial
Board, Cognitive Science, 1991-1996.
Editorial Board, Language Acquisition, 1990-2004; Advisory Board, 2004-present.
Editorial Board, Journal of Child Language, 1994- .
Editorial Board, International Journal of Bilingualism. 1996-present.
International Advisory Board, Mind
& Society, 2002-present.
Editorial Advisory Board, The
New Encyclopedia of Unbelief, 2002-.
Electorate Nominating Committee, Section
on Linguistics and Language Science, American Association for the Advancement
of Science, 1994-1999.
Advisory Council, International Association for the Study of
Attention and Performance, 1992- .
Scientific Consultant, Committee for the
Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, 1979-present.
Ad Hoc Reviewer, Journals: American Anthropologist, American
Psychologist, Applied Psycholinguistics, Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
Behavioral Neuroscience, Canadian Journal of Psychology, Child Development,
Cognition, Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Science, Current Biology, Current
Directions in Psychological Science, Development and Psychopathology,
Developmental Psychology, Evolution and Human Behavior, Human Nature, Journal
of the American Statistical Association, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception &
Performance, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, &
Cognition, Journal of Linguistics, Journal of Mental Imagery, Journal of
Personality, Journal of Theoretical Biology, Language, Language Acquisition,
Language and Cognitive Processes, Language Learning and Development, Lingua,
Linguistic Inquiry, Linguistics and Philosophy, Memory and Cognition, Mind and
Language, Nature, Nature Genetics, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory,
Neuron, Neuropsychologia, Parenting: Science and
Practice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the
Royal Society, Psychological Bulletin, Psychological Review, Psychological
Science, Psycholoquy, Quarterly Journal of
Experimental Psychology, Science, Spatial Vision, Synthèse,
Trends In Cognitive Science.
Ad Hoc Reviewer, Publishers:
Blackwell, MIT Press, Cambridge University Press, Free Press, Harvard
University Press, Harvester-Wheatsheaf, MIT Press,
Oxford University Press, Prentice-Hall, Princeton University Press, Reidel, Rowman & Littlefield,
Scientific American Books, University of Arizona Press, University of
California Press, University of Chicago Press, Yale University Press.
Ad Hoc Reviewer, Funding Agencies:
Air Force Office of Scientific Research, John Simon Guggenheim
Foundation, John and Catherine Macarthur Foundation, Leverhulme
Trust (UK), Medical Research Council (Canada), Medical Research Council (UK),
National Institutes of Health, National Humanities Council, National Research
Council (New Zealand), National Science Foundation, Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council (Canada), Russel Sage
Foundation.
Consultant,
Books
Pinker, S. (1984) Language Learnability and Language Development.
Pinker, S. (Ed.). (1985) Visual Cognition.
Pinker, S. & J. Mehler (Eds.) (1988). Connections and Symbols.
Pinker, S. (1989) Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure.
Levin, B. & S. Pinker (Eds.) (1992) Lexical and Conceptual Semantics.
Pinker, S. (1994) The Language Instinct.
Pinker, S. (1997) How the
Mind Works.
Pinker, S. (1999) Words and
Rules: The Ingredients of Language.
Pinker, S. (2002) The Blank
Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature.
Pinker, S. (Ed.). (2004) The Best American
Science and Nature Writing 2004.
Pinker, S. (2005) Hotheads (Excerpt from How the Mind
Works).
Pinker, S. (2007) The Stuff of Thought:
Language as a Window into Human Nature.
Articles in Scholarly
Journals
Millenson, J. R., Allen, R. B. & Pinker, S. (1977). Adjunctive drinking
during variable and random-interval food reinforcement schedules. Animal Learning and Behavior, 5,
285-290.
Bregman, A. S. & Pinker, S. (1978). Auditory
streaming and the building of timbre. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 32, 19-31.
Pinker, S. & Kosslyn, S. M. (1978). The representation and manipulation of
three-dimensional space in mental images. Journal of Mental Imagery, 1, 69-84.
Pinker, S. (1979). Formal models of language learning. Cognition, 7, 217-283. Reprinted (1994)
in N. Sheehy & T. Chapman (Eds.), Cognitive Science.
Pinker, S. & Birdsong, D. (1979). Speakers’ sensitivity to rules of frozen word
order. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,
18, 497-508.
Kosslyn, S. M., Pinker, S., Smith, G. E., Shwartz,
S. P. (1979). On the demystification of mental imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1,
535-581. Reprinted (1981) in N. Block
(Ed.), Imagery (pp. 131-150).
Pinker, S. (1980). Mental imagery and the third dimension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 254-371.
Pinker, S. & Finke, R. A. (1980). Emergent two-dimensional patterns in images rotated in
depth. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Human Perception and Performance, 6, 244-264.
Pinker, S. (1981). On the acquisition of grammatical morphemes. Journal of Child Language, 8, 477-484.
Finke, R. A. & Pinker, S. (1982). Spontaneous
mental image scanning in mental extrapolation. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 142-147.
Finke, R. A. & Pinker, S. (1983). Directional scanning of
remembered visual patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9,
398-410.
Rosenblum, T. & Pinker, S. (1983). Word magic revisited: Monolingual
and bilingual preschoolers’ understanding of the word-object relationship. Child Development, 54, 773-780.
Reprinted (1987) in M. B. Franklin & S. S. Barten
(Eds.), Child language: A book of
readings.
Pinker, S. (1984). Visual cognition: an introduction. Cognition, 18,
1-63.
Pinker, S. Choate, P., & Finke, R. A.
(1984). Mental extrapolation in patterns
constructed from
memory. Memory and
Cognition, 12, 207-218.
Downing, C. J. & Pinker, S. (1985). The
spatial structure of visual attention. In M. Posner
and O. Marin (Eds.), Attention and
Performance XI: Mechanisms of attention
and visual search.
Stromswold, K., Pinker, S., and Kaplan, R.
M. (1985) Cues for understanding the passive voice. Papers and Reports in Child Language1985.
Pinker, S., Lebeaux, D. S., & Frost,
L. A. (1987) Productivity and constraints in the acquisition of the passive. Cognition, 26, 195-267.
Pinker, S. & Prince, A. (1988) On
language and connectionism: Analysis of a parallel distributed processing model
of language acquisition. Cognition, 28, 73-193. Reprinted in S. Pinker & J. Mehler (Eds.)
(1988) Connections and symbols.
Prince, A. & Pinker, S. (1988) Rules
and connections in human language. Trends in Neurosciences, 11, 195-202.
Reprinted (1989) in R. G. Morris (Ed.), Parallel
Distributed Processing: Implications for psychology and neurobiology.
Prince, A., & Pinker, S. (1989) Wickelphone
ambiguity. Cognition, 30, 189-190.
Tarr, M. J. & Pinker, S. (1989) Mental
rotation and orientation-dependence in shape recognition. Cognitive
Psychology, 21, 233-282.
Gropen, J., Pinker, S., Hollander, M., Goldberg, R. & Wilson, R.
(1989) The learnability and acquisition of the dative alternation
in English. Language, 65, 203-257.
Finke, R. A., Pinker, S., & Farah, M. J. (1989) Reinterpreting
visual patterns
in mental imagery. Cognitive Science, 13, 51-78.
Tarr, M. J. & Pinker, S. (1990) When
does human object recognition use a viewer-centered reference frame? Psychological Science, 1, 253-256.
Pinker, S. & Bloom, P. (1990) Natural
language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13,
707-784. Reprinted in
J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.) (1991),
The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology
and the Generation of Culture.
Gropen, J., Pinker, S, Hollander, M., & Goldberg, R. (1991) Syntax
and semantics in the
acquisition of locative verbs. Journal of Child Language, 18, 115-151.
Kim, J. J., Pinker, S., Prince, A, & Prasada, S. (1991) Why no mere mortal has ever flown out to
center field. Cognitive
Science, 15, 173-218.
Gropen, J., Pinker, S, Hollander, J., & Goldberg, R. (1991)
Affectedness and direct objects: The role of lexical semantics in the
acquisition of verb argument structure. Cognition, 41, 153-195. Reprinted (1992)
in B. Levin & S. Pinker (Eds.), Lexical
and conceptual semantics.
Pinker, S. (1991) Rules of language. Science, 253, 530-535.
Reprinted (1993) in P. Bloom (Ed.), Language
acquisition: Core readings.
Tarr, M. & Pinker, S. (1991) Orientation-dependent mechanisms
in shape recognition: Further issues. Psychological Science, 2,
207-209.
Marcus, G., Pinker, S., Ullman, M.,
Hollander, M., Rosen, T. J. & Xu, F. (1992) Overregularization
in language acquisition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 57 (4,
Serial No. 228).
Prasada, S. & Pinker, S. (1993) Generalizations of regular and
irregular morphology. Language and
Cognitive Processes, 8, 1-56.
Cave, K. R., Pinker, S., Giorgi, L.,
Thomas, C., Heller, L., Wolfe, J. M., & Lin, H. (1994) The
representation of location in visual images. Cognitive Psychology, 26,
1-32.
Pinker, S. (1994) How could a child use
verb syntax to learn verb semantics? Lingua, 92, 377-410.
Reprinted in L. Gleitman and B. Landau (Eds.), (1994) The acquisition of the lexicon.
Kim, J. J., Marcus, G. F., Pinker, S., Hollander, M., &
Coppola, M. (1994) Sensitivity of children’s inflection to morphological
structure. Journal of Child Language, 21,
173-209. Reprinted in K. Perera, G.
Collis, & B. Richards (Eds.), Growing points in child language.
Pinker, S. (1994) On language
(interview). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, 91-96. Reprinted (1997) as
“Evolutionary Perspectives” in M. Gazzaniga (Ed.), Conversations in the cognitive neurosciences.
Marcus, G. F., Brinkmann, U., Clahsen,
H., Wiese, R., & Pinker, S. (1995) German inflection: The exception that proves
the rule. Cognitive Psychology, 29,
189-256.
Xu, F. & Pinker, S. (1995) Weird past
tense forms. Journal
of Child Language, 22, 531-556.
Pinker, S., Prince, A. (1996), The nature
of human concepts: evidence from an unusual source. Communication and Cognition, 29, 307-361. Reprinted (1999) in P.
Van Loocke (Ed.), The nature, representation and evolution of concepts.
Ullman, M., Corkin, S., Coppola, M., Hickok, G., Growdon, J. H., Koroshetz, W. J.,
& Pinker, S. (1997) A neural dissociation within language: Evidence that
the mental dictionary is part of declarative memory, and that grammatical rules
are processed by the procedural system. Journal
of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 289-299. Reprinted in Bánréti Zoltán
(Ed.).
Nyelvi Struktúrák
és az
Agy: Neurolingvisztikai Tanulmányok.
Pinker, S. (1997) Words and rules in the
human brain. Nature, 387, 547-548.
Pinker, S.
(1998) Obituary: Roger Brown. Cognition, 66, 199-213.
Pinker, S. (1998) Words and rules. Lingua, 106, 219-242. Reprinted in A. Sorace, C. Heycock, and R. Shillcock (Eds.), Generative
approaches to language acquisition.
Pinker, S.
(1998) Out of the minds of babes. Science 283, 40-41.
Pinker, S. (1999) How the mind works. Annals of the
Berent,
Pinker, S. (2000) Survival of the clearest. Nature, 401, 442-443.
Pinker, S. (2001) Talk
of genetics and vice-versa. Nature, 413, 465-466.
Pinker, S. & Ullman, M. (2002) The past and
future of the past tense. Trends in Cognitive Science, 6, 456-463.
Pinker, S. & Ullman, M. (2002) Structure and combination, not gradedness, is the issue (Reply to McClelland and
Patterson). Trends in Cognitive Science, 6, 472-474.
Berent,
Pinker, S. & Ullman, M. (2003) Beyond one
model per phenomenon. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7, 108-109.
Pinker, S. (2004) Author’s response: Review
symposium on “The Blank Slate.” Metascience,
13, 44-51.
Pinker, S. (2004) Clarifying the logical problem of language acquisition.
Journal of Child Language, 31, 949-953.
Pinker, S. (2004) Why nature and nurture won’t go away. Daedalus, 133,
Fall, 5-17. Reprinted in Portuguese in INTERthesis, 3, 1.
Pinker, S. & Jackendoff, R. (2005) What’s
special about the human language faculty? Cognition, 95, 201-236.
Pinker, S. (2005) So how does the mind
work? Mind and Language, 20, 1-24.
Pinker, S. (2005) A reply to Jerry Fodor on
how the mind works. Mind and Language, 20, 33-38.
Jackendoff, R. &
Pinker, S. (2005) The nature of the language faculty and its
implications for the evolution of language.
Cognition, 97, 211-225.
Berent,
Pinker, S.
(2006) Kidding ourselves. The
Pinker, S.
(2006) The blank slate. The General Psychologist, 41,
1-8.
Sahin,
N., Pinker, & Halgren, E.. (2006) Abstract grammatical
processing of nouns and verbs in Broca's Area:
Evidence from fMRI. Cortex, 42, 540-562.
Pinker, S. (2007) Toward a consilient study of
literature (review of J. Gottschall & D. Sloan Wilson, “The Literary
Animal: Evolution and the Nature of Narrative”). Philosophy and Literature, 31,
161-177.
Berent,
Pinker, S. (2007) Language as an
adaptation by natural selection. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 39, 431-438.
Pinker, S.
(in press) The evolutionary social psychology of
indirect speech. Intercultural
Pragmatics.