PART THREE
Directions: We are interested in people’s judgment about how the events described in sentences unfold in time. There are four possibilities:

Unchanging State. These are situations that are static or unchanging. Everything remains the same, with no distinguishable phases. For example, the sentence "The flag is red" is an Unchanging State because nothing changes--the flag is red for the entire duration that the sentence refers to. Another example is the sentence "He likes her." Again, nothing happens during the state described by the sentence; the man’s affection for the woman is constant and unchanging for the duration of the state referred to by the sentence.

Moment-of-change. These sentences refer to an instantaneous moment at which something changes. For example, the sentence "I found the key" is classified as a Moment-of-Change because it refers to an exact instant, namely, when the key was found. Another example the sentence “He died.” Again, this phrase describes an occurrence that takes place at a precise moment in time (namely, the man’s death).

Activity-Culminating-in-Change. These sentences refer to processes with a clear end point. They embrace two distinct phases. The first phase consists of a process in which an action is taking place. The second phase consists of the termination of the action, usually with some accomplishment or change that was produced by the action. For example, the sentence "We walked to the post office" is classified as a Activity-Culminating-in-change because it refers to an action with duration (namely, walking) with a specific end point (namely, arriving at the post office). The action terminates once the destination is reached. Another example is the sentence "She wrote a letter." Again, this phrase describes an activity (namely, writing) with a specific goal that signals a termination point (namely, when the letter is finished).

Activity-Without-Endpoint. These sentences refer to processes without a specific end point. For example, the sentence "He’s running" is classified as an activity because it refers to a process (namely, running) that has no necessary goal or end point. As far as the sentence is concerned, the situation as described could go on indefinitely. But unlike an Unchanging State, something is happening or changing during the event, namely, that the person’s limbs are moving and he is not stationary. Another example is "She is talking." Again, this sentence describes an action (namely, talking) without specifying a goal or endpoint.

For each of the following verbs, please rate the appropriateness of each type from a scale of 1 (not appropriate) to 7 (very appropriate).

1. After working up his courage, the boy will dive off the board for the first time.

2. The whole town will show up tomorrow to watch the sheriff hang the horse thief.

3. Next Christmas, Angela will knit a present for her father.

4. The sun will shine brightly for next week’s annual soccer picnic.

5. At tomorrow's hearing, the defendant will plead innocent.

6. The congregation will quickly kneel as soon as the organ begins to play.

7. Tomorrow night, I will dream that I will leave the house in my pajamas.

8. Expressing her frustration, Sally will heave her arms in the air with a sigh.

9. When I become a teenager, I will sneak out of the house on weekends without my parents knowing.

10. When I first start a new school, I will strive to make friends.

11. Next winter a fire will always burn in the hearth to keep the house warm.

12. Spot will leap over the fence if he hears another dog barking.

13. Meredith’s face will light with happiness next week when her boyfriend visits.

14. They say it is impossible, but Sally will definitely prove Hilbert's theorem.

15. Mom will sew a new quilt for the craft fair.

16. My grandmother will weave the tapestry covering my bedroom wall.

	1 (not appropriate)	2	3	4	5	6	7 (very appropriate)
a. Unchanging state
b. Moment-of-change
c. Activity-culminating-in-change
d. Activity-without-endpoint